Icho chinonzi geomatician chinofanira kuziva pamusoro pekodzero yekutarisira kwenyika yeLADM

Iyo inozivikanwa seLADM kune Land Administration Domain Model, iyo yakakwanisa kuva ISO 19152 kubva ku2012.

Haisi software, asi yemhando yemhando iyo inoratidza hukama pakati pevanhu nenyika; inoenzanisa izvo zvinoita senge mune imwe nyika nyika dzakasiyana uye zvine hunyanzvi; chiitiko chakavezwa nechimwe chinhu muna 2014 Cadastre chaionekwa sechinhu chisingaite. Inotsvaga kudzivirira kudzoreredza uye kumisazve mashandiro mamwechete kuburikidza nechigadziko chiri kuwanda uye chinoita kuti zvive nyore kumasangano kutaurirana neakaenzana masevhisi mune yepasi rose mamiriro.

Sezvo uchiziva kuti geographers nevanhu vanobatanidzwa ne geomatics vanoda kuziva kududzira mitero, tinoita basa iri kutsanangura mhedzisiro yeyero iyi kubvira panguva iyoyo iyo yakagadziriswa seCCDM.

Zvinofadza kuti LADM chikamu kwavo kusvuta nyore kunoisawo kuti nyika kutarisira chinhu chisingaperi pamusoro nguva pfungwa haana kuchinja mune zvemakore:

Yaigara iine hukama huripo pakati pemunhu nepasi. Hazvina mhosva tsika iyo painowongororwa, nhoroondo inotiratidza chimwe chinhu chakafanana: Vanhu, senge nyaya yaAdamu naEvha, avo mune yakajairika nhume vamiriri vekutarisira Bindu reEdeni, nekodzero yekuve mukati, mabasa pane izvo zviripo, uye kurambidzwa kusadya kubva pamuti wakarambidzwa uye nemitemo yekutora kuitira kuti urege kuitevera.

Iyo munda wemichero ikozvino unonzi BAUnits, ine ukama hwekodzero (RRR) pamwe nemapoka anofarira, akabatanidzwa nevanhu (Chikamu) kuburikidza neChipiri uye nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekumiridzira kwechikwata chemukati (Spacial Units).

Ichokwadi ndechokuti sezvo maitiro ekugadzirisa kodzero dzepfuma inotangira mberi, kune maitiro akaoma kuti paanenge ari kubhadhara nguva dzose apo asi kumirira kuenzanisira mumiririro avo maitiro akadai se:

Vaviri vane 60% - 40% hukama hweaseti iyo inoumba furati 23 pa4th pasi pechivako, uye izvo zvinosanganisirawo kodzero kune mbiri nzvimbo dzekupaka mukamuri repasi 1 uye kurudyi mune kondomu nevagari vese kubva pachivako kusvika kunzvimbo yekutandarira yematanho ega ega uye nzvimbo yekubhachura padhoro rechisere. Pamutemo zviri nyore, zvinongonyorwa chete asi ngatizvibvunzei isu kuti isu tinoteedzera sei muiyo 3D cadastre, kana zvirinani mune 2.5 D.

Neiyo LADM inotsvagwa kuti nzira yekuenzanisira pfungwa yekutongwa kwekodzero dzevhu mumidziyo yemakomputa yakafanana. Nekuti iro bhizinesi rakafanana, rinosiyana padiki padiki ndiyo yepakati uye maitirwo ayo akanyanya kutaurwa nenyika kana kurairirwa. Tsika diki yekubata mamodheru inoita kuti zviite kunge LADM ndeye astral wave chete yemacomputer masayendisiti, pamwe nekuti inoteedzerwa muUML kubva kumakirasi nehukama, zvisinei, muongorori akarongwa muchirongwa ichi chikamu chebasa. 2014 Cadastre: "Kurarama kwenguva refu".

Izvozvi, saka, muenzaniso we geospatial semantics yakatarira pane mabasa makuru ekutonga kwenyika:

•  Chengeta Icho Chinhu - Chinyorwa - Mutemo hukama hwakagadziridzwa (P - RRR - RO)
• uye kupa ruzivo pamusoro pezvenhoroondo iyi.

Iyo modhi zvakare inotsvaga kurerutsa iwo mamiriro eiyo tekinoroji kumanikidza izvo zvinoumba kune rumwe rutivi kupihwa (Internet, nzvimbo dzedatabhesi, mamodheru akaenzana, marezinesi ekuvhura sosi uye GIS) uye kune rimwe divi kudiwa kwemasevhisi anoshandisa mukana weiyi tekinoroji (hurumende zvemagetsi, kusimudzira kusimudzira, zvinyorwa zvemagetsi uye kusangana kweruzhinji dhata uye masisitimu). Imwe yemabhenefiti eLADM ndeyekuti inogona kuchinjiswa kune yega nyika, zvisinei nemutemo wayo, kupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo kwecadastre nerejista, kana rudzi rwechishandiso chinoshandiswa kuita otomatiki. Iyo inoratidza akajairwa makirasi, uye kubva ipapo iwe unogona kuita nyika-yakatarwa makirasi, asi pakupedzisira pfungwa yacho inoenderana.

Kukunda kwakanyanya kweMADM kunobatanidza kuedza kwechikoro kuburikidza neFIG nemaitiro ehutsika aripo, akadai seLINZ uye LANDxml Australia / New Zealand, National Integrated Land System (yaimbova FGDC) kuenzaniswa kweEuropean Commission on Science and Technology (COST), iyo ISO / TC211 Komiti yeOGC uye kunyanya kukumbira munzvimbo dzine simba rakakura. Uye ndechekuti icho chinhu chakaoma kuita chiyero ndiko kumisikidza kana kudzoreredzwa kweizvo vamwe vatove nehunyanzvi.

A bit of history

La onde akazvarwa mugore ra2002, anoedza kukodzera kuedza uku uye kupemha nezvakangoitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura senge nyaya yeKufuridzira uye pfungwa yeIDE yakabata muna 2003. Nekudaro, mumatanho mapfupi iyo LADM inopfuura nenguva dzakasiyana dzekuratidzira, hurukuro nekugadzirisa zvakasiyana shanduro dzakatora zita reguta kwadzakaratidzwa, kudzamara dzave ISO 19152 ya2012:

•  MunaMuvhuro we2002 mukana wokuita chimwe chinhu unomutswa kwekutanga.
• MunaSeptember ye2002 inowanikwa muOGC shanduro 1 inonzi Noordwijk, nokukurumidza kuDelft muCOST Workshop.
• Muna Kurume 2003 vhoriyamu 2 inonzi Paris, gore rimwe chete muFIG uye yezuva iri OGC inozivisa iyo LPI
• MunaGunyana 2003 vhezheni 3 inonzi Brno inoburitswa muPoland. Nezve rino zuva, kuwedzerwa kweiyo 3D multipurpose cadastre yakawedzerwa. Yakapihwawo kuEuropean Land Information Service EULIS.
• Muna 2004, iyo 4 version inonzi Bamberg, inowanikwa pazviitiko zveFIG muGermany neKenya.
• Muna 2005 vhezheni yechishanu yainzi Cairo, pachiitiko cheFIG muEjipitori. Panguva iyoyo, zviyero zvakachengetedzwa neOGC kuburikidza neKomiti ISO / TC 5 zvabatanidzwa; Kunyangwe hazvo komiti iyi yakaburitsa inodarika makumi mashanu zviyero zvekufarira kukuru munharaunda yegeomatic, iyo LADM inotora maviri kubva pano: Geometry neTopology). Zvakare zveiri zuva rinova Inspire's cadastral dhata yakatarwa.
• Muna 2006 vhezheni ye6 inonzi Moscow inoratidzwa, inova iyi vhezheni yatakataura nezvayo muGeofumadas muchinyorwa "chimiro chakasarudzika che cadastre“. Izvi zvinotosanganisira Kuvaka RRR uye Chikamu cheparcel chinotsanangurwa mukirasi yakaparadzana-yepepuru.

Kubvira ku2006 kusvika ku2008 kuedza kunongororwa pakuvimbiswa semuenzaniso.

• MunaOctober ye2006 ikozvino inopa Version 1.0 kunyange nemusi iwoyo wainzi CCDM (Core Cadastral Domain Model).

Iyo nzira yekuita iyo ISO yakazara, kuburikidza nemisangano yakasiyana yekukurukurirana, kuwedzerwa uye tsanangudzo yakananga yemagetsi; inoguma mu 2012 nenzira yeChit Lemmen's doctoral thesis in 2012.

Pachine nzira refu yekufamba, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakatotora muyero, kunyange hazvo pachine zvakawanda zvinoda kuitwa. Mushure meiyi miitiro yekumisikidza, maitiro ekumisikidza uye kumhara zvasvika pachokwadi, uko hukama hwakaitwa neJRC (Joint Research Center yeEuropean Commission) uye UN-HABITAT (United Nations Agency for Human Settlements) kuti ishandiswe muzvirongwa yakabatana nekutonga kwenzvimbo. Naizvozvi, mienzaniso yakavezwa yakaonekwa munyika dzakasiyana, nyaya ye STDM (Social Tenure Domain Model) yakamira kunze, inoonekwa sehunyanzvi hweLADM, pachikamu cheFAO kune Flossola uye kuHonduras iyo SIGIT prototype iyo yava kuda kuyera kuSINAP.

Tsanangudzo yeMuenzaniso

Kuitwa kwechinyorwa chino ndechekuti isu tinoedza kunzwisisa kwakatangira iyo LADM yakavakirwa pane graphic scheme. Ndiri kuyedza kushandisa makara akafanana nemakirasi emhando, ayo atove mumutemo wakabvumidzwa akaparadzanisa chikamu chepamutemo cheyero, munhu ari mutema, zvinhu zviri zvebhuruu, topography yepingi uye topology yepepuru. Chokwadi kushandisa mifananidzo kunozotiunzira hukama nehukama asi ini ndinoomerera; isu tinofanirwa kudzidza kunzwisisa mamodheru. Kuyengerera pamusoro pezvinhu kunoratidza zvazvinoreva.

Masangano makuru.

Chirongwa chinotanga kubva paukama pakati pezvikamu zvitatu zvikuru:

• Stakeholder (Nyaya), mumutemo unotsanangurwa seChechi
• Chinangwa chemutemo, icho munyaya iyi chinobvisa pfungwa yeArchaic yepastastral pamapato uye inoitora iyo kunzvimbo yechinhu. Muchidimbu chinonzi BAUnit, uye geometry yayo Spatial Unit.
• Mutemo, hukama hunobatanidza munhu nechocho chinhu, mumutemo unotsanangurwa seRRR.

Iyo modhi inovabatanidza nenzira yesosi (Kunobva). Izvi zvinogona kuve zvinyorwa kana zvechokwadi; ichokwadi. Dzimwe dzese dzinogona kuitika nyaya:

• Kwete chete kune muridzi, asi boka revagari venhaka, mumwe wavo akaiswa mutirongo nekuda kweupenyu,
• Chirongwa chacho chine chipfeko, asi chiri pamapepa uye hachina georeference,
• Kugovera kwacho hakuna kumisikidzwa, asi zvikamu muzana zvemutemo ... imwe yehama yatotengesa kodzero yake kune vamwe vanhu vana,
• Ichi chikamu chinotengeswa chine musara wefoni yefoni uye ine access server,
• Chikamu chechirongwa chacho chakakanganiswa nenzvimbo yakachengetedzwa nehurumende chaiye,
• Mumwe wehama mudiki, saka anomiririrwa zviri pamutemo naamai vake ngochani ...

Kunyangwe kana paine mepu, ingave kana isiri pamutemo, kana iri kana kwete zvinoenderana nemaitiro, ichokwadi chiripo. Naizvozvo, iyo LADM inobvuma kuti chokwadi chakanyorwa nenzira inodzorwa, zvichiratidza mamiriro enyama nemutemo.

Nhengo inofarira (Sangano)

Ziva kuti pano "chidzidzo" chakareruka chinotambanudzirwa kune vanhu vakasiyana vanobatanidzwa mukutengeserana. Saka tine:

• Munhu mumwe chete
• Nhengo yepamutemo, semuenzaniso wekambani kana kambani
• Kuunganidzwa kwevanhu, zvakadai semhosva yeboka remunharaunda, sangano, boka revarimi, nezvimwewo.
• Munhu wacho kana sangano rinopupurira kodzero, yakadai sedare remhosva
• Munhu wacho kana chikwata chinopa chibhadharo, sezvinongoita bhangi kana sangano rezvemari
• Munhu ari kuita chikwata chekuyera, chakadai somuongorori.

 Ukama hwekodzero (RRR)

Pano, mune yechinyakare cadastre yaingova chete mhando yekugara. Asi iyo modhi inowedzeredzwa kuitira kuti mamiriro akasiyana ehukama hwemutemo nemitoro yekutonga agadziriswe:

• Mortgage kana kubata
• Izvo zvinoshandiswa, izvo zvingava zvipingamupinyi, Zvimwe uye Mabasa.
• Ukama hwekugara nehupenyu.

Chinangwa cheMutemo

Pano pane nhanho dzakasiyana dzemakirasi, asi zvese zvinonyanya kutanga kubva kuchinhu icho chinodaidzwa kunzi unit unit (BAUnit). Ona kuti uku kubviswa kwechinhu, kunyangwe kana tiine mepu kana gwaro.

Izvi zvinodaro nekuti chokwadi pane chinhu, chinozonyorwa zvishoma nezvishoma, asi BAUnit inotanga kubva ipapo uye kekutanga pane "zvisiri-georeferenced" mamiriro:

• Izvo zvisingasisi chaiyo, izvozvi, izvo zvinogona kubviswa kubva pachigadziro, zvakadai semhosva yeimba yefoni, nhare yefoni, nezvimwewo.
• Chiratidzo chekugara kweimba
• Bhuku risina goreferenced
• Iri kero chaiyo inozivisa imba mukati meimba, uye izvi zvinogona kunge zviri mberi kweimba yeimba mukati meimba.

Zvadaro kune maBaunnits ane nzvimbo yekuziva, pakati peiyi inogona kuva:

• Pasuru isina kurongeka (chikamu chepasuru), iyo inogona kuve poindi, seti yemapoinzi nemipendero.
• Chirongwa chakagadzirirwa, chinogona kuva chikwata, kana chiverengero maererano neimba imwe chete.

Imwe yemabhenefiti ekutora iyo LADM modhi ndeyekuti hapana dhata isingakoshese, hapana yakanaka kana yakaipa cadastre, chete inomiririrwa chaicho. Mahofisi ehutongi aripo uye anogona kugadzirisa zvakaringana kubva ku:

•  Nheyo yevateresi vemunharaunda iyo inongotaura mhiko dzakachengetwa dzakachengetwa muExcel.
• Gare gare vanogona kuva nekodzero, uye chii chinonzi cadastre chinotangira asi chinoshanda.
• Ipapo iwe unogona kuita zvirongwa, asi kwete nepamusoro zvakakwana.

Zvese zvinovhara mukuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo yechirongwa, nematanho akasiyana ekumiririra nekuda kwechikonzero chakareruka "muchokwadi chenyama chinhu chimwe chete". Zvakakoshawo kuti kwete mutemo wega wega unoratidzwa, asiwo mutemo wehurumende, sepanzvimbo yenzvimbo yakachengetedzwa kana masangano epakati anotsanangurwa mumitemo yakasiyana-siyana semafashamo anokanganisa mapasuru.

Zviratidzo zvechinhu.

Iyi inoteedzana yemakirasi akasarudzika anotendera kutsanangura akasiyana marudzi emamiriro ekumusoro kwechinhu chimwe chete, ndosaka akabatanidzwa kune kunobva.

Chinhu chakakosha apa ndechekuti chikamu chidiki chekuyera ipfungwa, rinova iro basa remuongorori. Mamiriro akasiyana e2D uye 3D akatsanangurwa.

Panyaya yematanho maviri, poindi, ipapo muganho mune arc-node hukama uyezve chimiro mune yakavharwa geometry. Izvo zvakafanana zviripo zve 3D kunyangwe pano pane imwezve kesi iri chinhu che3D chisina kunyorwa nezviso.

Kubatanidza kwechimiririro chemavara kunowanikwa kuburikidza nemugumo, uchifunga kuti pachava nehuwandu hwemashoko hunotsanangura kusanyatsonzwisisika kwakanyanya kusingagoni kuwanikwa mumutsetse wesarastral sechikamu chechirevo.

Mukupedzisa, iyo LADM chiyero chinofanira kuzivikanwa. Iko kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakavanzika zvakasimudzwa muC2014 Cadastre yatakatosvika; kunyangwe paine kubudirira kwakawanda muchikamu chehunyanzvi uye chedzidzo nematambudziko mazhinji muchikamu uye zvakajairika chikamu.