Yakabatanidzwa nharaunda manejimendi - Tave pedyo here?
Isu tinorarama yakakosha nguva pane kusangana kweanodzidzisa ayo kwemakore ave akapatsanurwa. Kuongorora, dhizaini dhizaini, dhizaini dhizaini, kuronga dhizaini, kuronga, kuvaka, kushambadzira. Kupa muenzaniso wezvaiwanzoyerera kuyerera; mitsara yemapurojekiti akareruka, iterative uye yakaoma kudzora zvinoenderana nesaizi yemapurojekiti.
Nhasi, zvinoshamisa, isu takabatanidza kuyerera pakati penzvimbo idzi idzo, kupfuura tekinoroji yekutonga kwedata, kugovera maitiro. Zvakadai kuti zvinonetsa kuziva panogumira basa reimwe uye rimwe rinotangira; uko kununurwa kweruzivo kunopera, kana iyo vhezheni yemuenzaniso ikafa, apo chirongwa chichagumiswa.
Yakabatanidzwa Territory Management -GIT: Tinoda temu nyowani here?
Kana kuri kubhabhatidza huwandu uhu hwezviratidziro, izvo zvinobva mukutora ruzivo rwakakodzera purojekiti munzvimbo yepasipasi kuti riise mukushandiswa kwezvinangwa zvayakafungidzirwa, isu toshinga kuidana Yakabatanidzwa Territorial Management. Kunyangwe izwi iri richive nekudyidzana neakasarudzika epasi sainzi mune mamwe mamiriro, isu zvirokwazvo hatisi munguva dzekuremekedza magungano; zvimwe kana tichifunga nezvekuti geo-nzvimbo rave chinhu chemukati chemabhizinesi ese, uye kuti chiratidzo che BIM mazinga inotimanikidza kuti tifunge kuti chiyero cheArchitecture, Engineering uye Construction (AEC) chingadonha kana tikafunga muganhu wedanho rayo rinotevera, rinova Operation. Kufunga nezve hupamhi hwehupamhi hunoda kutarisisa maitiro aripo ekuita digitalization yemaitiro, ayo anopfuura kuvakwa kwezvivakwa uye anosvika kumabhizinesi asingagare aine chinomiririra chemuviri, izvo zvisina kungobatanidzwa mukutevedzana kwekudyidzana. mukuwirirana uye kudzokorora kubatanidzwa kwemaitiro.
Nezvinyorwa izvi Mumagazini iyi takatambira izwi rokuti Integrated Territorial Management.
Chiyero cheiyo GIT Integrated Territory Management concept.
Kwenguva yakareba, mapurojekiti akaonekwa mumatanho avo akasiyana sepakati nepakati mukati mawo. Nhasi, tinorarama munguva iyo, kune rumwe rutivi, ruzivo ndiyo mari yekutsinhana kubva pakubata kwayo kusvika padanho rekurasa; Asi kushanda kwakaringana kunopedzisa mamiriro aya ekushandura kuwanikwa kwedata kuita chinhu chinokwanisa kugadzira kugona kukuru uye mapotifolio mukutarisana nezvinodiwa mumusika.
Isu tinotaura saka peketeni inosanganiswa nemakiromita makuru ayo anowedzera kukosha kune zviito zvevanhu mune macroprocess iyo, kupfuura kuva nyaya yeinjiniya, inyaya yevebhizinesi vanhu.
Maitiro Ekuita - maitiro ayo -kwenguva refu yapfuura- zvatinoita zviri kuchinja.
Kana tichizotaura nezve mashandiro, saka isu tichafanirwa kutaura nezve kukosha kukosha, kwekurerutsa zvichienderana nemushandisi wekupedzisira, nezvekuvandudza uye kutsvaga kwekunyatsoita kuti mari dziwanikwe.
Maitiro acho anobva pane Information Management. Zvakawanda zvekuedza kwekutanga mumakore makumi masere, nekuuya kwekombuta, chinangwa chaive chekuve nekutonga kwakanaka pamusoro peruzivo. Kune rumwe rutivi, kunyanya munharaunda yeAEC, chinangwa chaiva kuderedza kushandiswa kwemaitiro emuviri uye kushandiswa kwehuwandu hwekugadzirisa kuhuwandu hwakaoma; Nekudaro, CAD pakutanga haisati yachinja maitiro asi kuti inovatungamira kukutonga kwedhijitari; ramba uchiita zvinenge zvimwe chetezvo, zvine ruzivo rumwe chete, uchitora mukana wekuti zvinobudisa nhau zvino zvinogona kushandiswazve. Murairo wekubvisa unotsiva mutemo wakafanana, iyo ortho-snap iyo 90 dhigirii sikweya, denderedzwa kambasi, iyo inodimbura iyo chaiyo yekudzima template uye saka zvakateedzana takatora kusvetuka ikoko kutendeseka kwanga kusiri nyore kana diki, nekungofunga nezve mukana we. dhizaini iro mune dzimwe nguva raizoreva kuronda hurongwa hwekuvaka kuti ushande pane zvimiro kana hydrosanitary zvirongwa. Asi nguva yakasvika apo CAD yakazadzisa chinangwa chayo mumativi ose ari maviri; Yakave inonetesa kunyanya kune-yakachinjika-chikamu, facades uye pseudo-matatu-dimensional kuratidza; Aya ndiwo masvikiro akaita 3D tisati taidana kuti BIM, tichirerutsa maitiro aya uye nekushandura zvakawanda zvatakaita mu2D CAD.
... hongu, iyo 3D manejimendi panguva yakagumisira mune zvimisikidzo zvasvitswa pamwe nekumwe kutsungirira neakaganhurirwa zviwanikwa zvezvikwata uye kwete kuratidzira mavara.
Iwo makuru software vanopa yeAEC indasitiri vaichinja mashandiro avo zvinoenderana nematanho makuru aya, ane chekuita nekugona kwehardware uye kugamuchirwa nevashandisi. Kusvikira nguva yasvika apo manejimendi manejimendi aya anga asina kukwana, kunze kwekutumira mafomati, achibatanidza tenzi dhata uye mubatanidzwa wakasarudzika wakakanganiswa neiyo nhoroondo chiitiko chebasa zvinoenderana nedhipatimendi.
Nhoroondo diki. Kunyangwe mumunda weinjiniya yeinjiniya kutsvaga kwekubudirira kune nhoroondo yakawanda, kugamuchirwa kwehunyanzvi hweOp Operation Management mumamiriro eArchitecture, Engineering uye Construction (AEC) yakanonoka uye zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu; chikamu icho nhasi chakaoma kuyera kunze kwekunge tave vatori vechikamu munguva idzodzo. Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvakabva kumakore makumi manomwe zvakawana simba mumakore makumi masere nekuuya kwekombuta yega yega iyo, nekukwanisa kuve padhesiki rega rega, inowedzera kudhizaini yakabatsirwa nekombuta kugona kwedhatabhesi, mifananidzo yeraster, mukati meLAN network uye mukana iwoyo batanidza zvidzidzo zvinoenderana. Pano panoonekwa mhinduro dzakamira dzezvimedu zvepuzzle dzakadai sekuongorora, dhizaini yekuvaka, dhizaini yezvimiro, fungidziro yebhajeti, kutonga kwezvinhu, kuronga kuvaka; zvose zvine miganhu yetekinoroji iyo yakanga isina kukwana kuti ibatanidzwe zvakanaka. Pamusoro pezvo, zviyero zvaive zvisipo, vanopa mhinduro vakatambura kubva kune stingy mafomu ekuchengetedza uye hongu, kumwe kuramba -kuda kubira- kuchinja neindasitiri nekuda kwekuti mari yekugamuchira yaive yakaoma kutengesa muhukama hunenge hwakaenzana nekubudirira uye purofiti.
Kufamba kubva padanho repakutanga rekugovana ruzivo kwaida zvinhu zvitsva. Zvichida chiitiko chakakosha kupfuura zvese kwaive kukura kweInternet, iyo, kunze kwekutipa kugona kutumira maemail nekufamba pamapeji epawebhu akasarudzika, yakavhura musuwo wekubatana. Nharaunda dzinopindirana munguva yewebhu 2.0 dzakasundidzirwa kuti dzigadzikane, zvinosemesa zvichibva kuzvirongwa open source kuti iye zvino havachanzwika sevasingaremekedzi uye vanoonekwa nemeso matsva neindasitiri yakazvimirira. Chirango cheGIS chaive chimwe chemienzaniso yakanakisa, ichiuya kuzopesana nezvipingamupinyi zvese munguva dzakawanda kukunda software yevaridzi; chikwereti icho kusvika parizvino hachisati chakwanisa kudzorerwa muindasitiri yeCAD-BIM. Zvinhu zvaifanira kudonha nekuda kwehuremu hwazvo nekuda kwekukura kwepfungwa uye pasina mubvunzo shanduko mumusika webhizinesi weB2B mumafuta ekudyidzana kwepasi rose kunoenderana nekubatana.
Nezuro takavhara maziso edu uye nhasi takamuka tichiona kuti zvinhu zvakadzika senge geo-nzvimbo zvave uye semhedzisiro kwete shanduko muindasitiri yemaindasitiri, asi kusachinjika kushandurwa kwemagadzirirwo nemusika wekugadzira.
Maitiro anobva pane Operation Management. Nzira yemaitiro inotitungamirira kuti tiputse maparadigms ekuparadzaniswa kwezvirango mumutauro wedhipatimendi remahofisi akaparadzaniswa nemadziro uye gonhi rakasimba rehuni. Midziyo yekuongorora yakasvika pakuve nekugona kuratidza uye kuita digitization, vanodhirowa vakabva pakuva vadhirowa vakapfava kuenda kune vatevedzeri vechinhu; Vagadziri uye mainjiniya vakatanga kutonga iyo geospatial indasitiri iyo yakapa yakawanda data nekuda kwegeolocation. Izvi zvakashandura tarisiro kubva kudiki diki kuendesa mafaera eruzivo kune maitiro apo zvinhu zvekuenzanisira zvinongori node dzefaira inodyiswa pakati pezvirango zvetopography, civil engineering, architecture, industrial engineering, marketing and geomatics -pasina kutonga kushandiswa kweimwe kodhi-.
Kuenzanisa Kufunga nezvemienzaniso kwakanga kusiri nyore, asi zvakaitika. Nhasi hazvisi zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti chikamu chevhu, bhiriji, chivakwa, chirimwa cheindasitiri kana njanji zvakafanana. Chinhu, chinoberekwa, chinokura, chinobereka zvibereko uye rimwe zuva richafa.
BIM ndiyo yakanakisa yenguva refu pfungwa iyo yakasanganiswa manejimendi indasitiri yave nayo. Zvichida mupiro waro mukuru kunzira yekumisikidza ndiyo chiyero pakati pekusadzorwa kwekutanga kwebazi rakazvimirira mundima yetekinoroji uye kudiwa kwemhinduro dzinodiwa nemakambani akazvimirira neehurumende kuti ape masevhisi ari nani kana kuburitsa mhedzisiro iri nani nezviwanikwa zviripo kuindasitiri. Iyo conceptualization yeBIM, kunyangwe yakaonekwa nenzira shoma nevakawanda mukushandiswa kwayo kune zvivakwa zvemuviri, zvechokwadi ine hukuru hukuru patinofungidzira BIM hubs inonambwa pamazinga epamusoro pasi pechiratidzo chemapatya edhijitari, uko kubatanidzwa kwehupenyu chaihwo. zvinosanganisira zvirango zvakaita sedzidzo, mari, chengetedzo, nezvimwe.
Iyo Yekukosha Chain - kubva paruzivo kuenda kune kushanda.
Nhasi, mhinduro hadzina kunangana nekupindura kuchirango chakati. Maturusi chaiwo emabasa akadai sekuenzanisa topographic pamusoro kana bhajeti zvakaderedza kukwezva kana zvisingakwanisi kubatanidzwa mukukwira kumusoro, kuzasi, kana kuyerera kwakafanana. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chinotyaira makambani anotungamira muindastiri kuti ape zvigadziriso zvinogadzirisa zvizere kudiwa muhuwandu hwayo hwese, mune cheni yakakosha ine zvinongedzo zvinonetsa kuzviparadzanisa.
Cheni iyi inoumbwa nematanho anozadzisa zvishoma nezvishoma zvinangwa zvekuzadzisa, kutyora mutsara mutsara nekusimudzira kufanana pakubudirira munguva, mutengo uye kutevedza; zvisingadzivisiki zvinhu zvemhando dzazvino mhando.
The concept Yakabatanidzwa Territory Management GIT inokurudzira kutevedzana kwezvikamu, kubva pakuumbwa kweiyo bhizinesi modhi kusvika yaenda mukugadzira mhedzisiro inotarisirwa. Muzvikamu izvi zvakasiyana, zvinokosheswa zvekudzora ruzivo zvishoma nezvishoma zvinodzikira kusvika manejimendi ekushanda; uye kusvika pamwero wekuti hutsva hunoshandisa zvishandiso zvitsva, zvinokwanisika kurerutsa matanho asingachawedzeri kukosha. Semuenzaniso:
Zvirongwa zvekudhinda hazvichakoshi kubva panguva yazvinogona kutariswa pane chishandiso chinoshanda, senge piritsi kana imwe yakawedzerwa chaiyo mudziyo.
Kuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo dzakabatana pamunda mune quadrant mepu hakusati kuchawedzera kukosha kune mhando dzisingazodhindwe pachiyero, izvo zvichizoramba zvichichinja uye zvinoda zita remadunhurirwa risingabatanidzwe nezvinhu zvisiri zvehunhu zvakadai sedhorobha / nzvimbo yekumaruwa kana nzvimbo inowanikwa. kudunhu rekutonga.
Mukuyerera uku kwakabatanidzwa, ndipo apo mushandisi anoratidza kukosha kwekukwanisa kushandisa midziyo yavo yetopography kwete kungotora data mumunda, asi kuenzanisira usati wasvika kuhofisi, uchiziva kuti iri nyore kuisa iyo mazuva anozotevera. yakashandiswa kufunga patsva dhizaini pakutanga kwekuvaka. Nzvimbo iyo mhedzisiro yemunda inochengeterwa inorega kupa kukosha, chero bedzi iripo kana ichidiwa uye yayo shanduro kutonga; Naizvozvo, iyo xyz coordination yakabatwa mumunda ingori chinhu chimwe chegore remapoinzi rakamira kuve chigadzirwa uye rikave rekuisa, reimwe yekuisa, yechigadzirwa chekupedzisira chiri kuwedzera kuoneka mumaketani. Ndosaka chirongwa chine mitsara yaro chisisadhindwe, nekuti hachiwedzere kukosha nekudzikisira kubva pachigadzirwa kuenda kune yekuisa iyo conceptual vhoriyamu modhi yechivako, inova imwe yekuisa yeiyo yekuvaka modhi, inova ikozvino ine. muenzaniso wekugadzira, electromechanical model, muenzaniso wekuronga kuvaka. Zvese, semhando yemapatya edhijitari anozopera mumuenzaniso wekushanda wechivako chakatovakwa; izvo mutengi nevaisiri vayo vaitarisira pakutanga kubva mukufungidzira kwayo.
Mupiro weketani uri muhuwandu hwakawedzerwa pamuenzaniso wekutanga wepfungwa, muzvikamu zvakasiyana kubva pakubatwa, kuenzanisira, kugadzira, kuvaka uye pakupedzisira kutungamirirwa kwefa yekupedzisira. Zvikamu zvisina kurongeka, uye izvo muindasitiri yeAEC (Architecture, Engineering, Construction) inoda hukama pakati pekuenzanisira kwezvinhu zvemuviri zvakaita sevhu kana zvivakwa zvine zvisiri zvemuviri zvinhu; vanhu, mabhizinesi, uye hukama hwemazuva ese hwekunyoreswa kwepasirese, hutongi, kushambadzira, uye kutamisa midziyo.
Ruzivo Management + Operation Management. Kugadzirisazve maitiro hakudzivisike.
Dhigirii rekusakura pamwe nekushanduka pakati peiyo yekuenzanisa yeruzivo rwekuvaka (BIM) neI Production Management Cycle (PLM), fungidzira mamiriro matsva, ayo akaumbwa Chechina China Revolution (4IR).
IoT - 4iR - 5G - Smart Cities - Dhijitari Twin - iA - VR - Blockchain.
Iyo mitsva mitsara mhedzisiro yeBIM + PLM convergence.
Nhasi kune zvakawanda zvezvirongwa zvinokonzeresa mazwi atinofanira kudzidza mazuva ese, mhedzisiro yeiyo inogara iri pedyo yeBIM + PLM chiitiko. Aya mazwi anosanganisira iyo Internet yezvinhu (IoT), Smart Cities, Digital Twins, 5G, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality (AR), kudoma mashoma. Hazvina mubvunzo kuti zvingani zvezvinhu izvi zvichanyangarika sezvisina kukwana clichés, tichifunga mune chaiyo maonero ezvatingatarisira uye tichisiya parutivi nguva yemafungu mumafirimu epashure-apocalyptic ayo anopawo zvidhori zvekuti zvingave zvakakura sei ... uye zvichienderana neHollywood, zvinowanzoitika njodzi.
Infographic yeIntegrated Territory Management.
Iyo infographic inopa muono wepasi rose weiyo spectrum iyo parizvino isati yave nenguva yakatarwa, iyo kubva pamaonero edu yatiri kudaidza Integrated Territorial Management. Izvi, pakati pezvimwe, zvakashandiswa se #hashtag yenguva pfupi pazviitiko nemakambani anotungamira muindastiri, asi sekutaura kwedu kwekutanga, haina kugamuchira zita rakakodzera.
Iyi infographic inoedza kuratidza chimwe chinhu chiri kutendeseka chisiri nyore kutora, ndoda kuturikira. Kana tikatarisa zvinokosheswa nemaindasitiri akasiyana ayo anopindirana mukati mekutenderera, kunyangwe aine maitiro ekuyera akasiyana. Nenzira iyi, tinogona kuona kuti, kunyangwe modelling iri pfungwa yakajairika, tinogona kufunga kuti kutorwa kwayo kwakapfuura nemutowo unoteedzana wepfungwa:
Geospatial Adoption - Massive CAD - 3D Modeling - BIM Conceptualization - Dhijitari Mapatya Kugadzirisa - Smart Guta Kubatanidzwa.
Kubva pane optics yekuenzanisa chiyero, tinoona kutarisira kwevashandisi zvishoma nezvishoma vachiswedera pane chaiyo, kanenge mune zvakavimbiswa seinotevera:
1D - Faira manejimendi mune dijitaro mafomu,
2D - Kugamuchirwa kwemadigital edijita kutsiva iyo yakadhindwa chirongwa,
3D -Iye matatu-emhando muenzaniso uye yepasirese geo-nzvimbo,
4D - Yenhoroondo shanduro mune yakadzora nzira kupfuura nguva,
5D - Iko kupinzisa kweiyo hupfumi chikamu mune iyo yakakonzera mutengo weyuniti zvinhu,
6D -Kutungamira kwehupenyu hwekutenderera yezvinhu zvakashandurwa, zvakabatanidzwa kumabasa ezvinyorwa zvavo munguva chaiyo.
Pasina mubvunzo mukufungisisa kwepfuura pane maonero akasiyana, kunyanya nekuti iko kushandiswa kwekuenzanisira kuri kuwedzera uye kusingasarudzike. Chiratidzo chakaratidzwa ndiyo imwe chete nzira yekuturikira kubva pakuona mabhenefiti akaratidzwa nevashandisi patakatora zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi muindasitiri; ive iyi Civil Engineering, Architecture, Industrial Injiniya, Cadastre, Cartography ... kana kuunganidzwa kweizvi zvese mune yakasanganiswa maitiro.
Chekupedzisira, iyo infographic inoratidza mupiro waunounzwa neanodzora pakumisikidza nekugamuchirwa kwedhijitari mumarongerwo ezuva nezuva emunhu.
GIS - CAD - BIM - Dhijitari Twin - Smart Mizinda
Neimwe nzira, mazwi aya akapa pekutanga kuedza kutsvaira kunotungamirwa nevanhu, makambani, hurumende uye pamusoro pevadzidzi vese izvo zvakatungamira kune izvo zvatinoona nemitemo yakakwana seGeographic Information Systems (GIS), mupiro wakamirira Computer Inobatsira Dhizaini (CAD), parizvino ichienda kuBIM kunyangwe paine matambudziko maviri nekuda kwekugamuchirwa kwematanho asi nenzira yakatsanangurwa zvakajeka mumatanho mashanu ekukura (BIM mazinga).
Mamwe maitiro muIntegrated Territorial Management spectrum parizvino ari pasi pekumanikidzwa kuisa Digital Twins, Internet yezvinhu uye Smart Cities concepts; yekutanga zvakanyanya senge simba rekugadzirisa dhijitari pasi pepfungwa yekugamuchirwa kwemaitiro ekushanda; iyo yekupedzisira seyakanaka application mamiriro. Smart Cities inowedzera chiono kune dzakawanda zvidzidzo zvinogona kubatanidzwa muchiratidzo chezvinofanira kunge zvakaita basa revanhu mumamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, zvinhu zvekutonga zvakaita semvura, simba, hutsanana, chikafu, kufamba, tsika, kugarisana, zvivakwa uye hupfumi.
Asi mune zvimwe zvikamu zveketani isu tichiri kure. Zvikonzero zvekuvapo kweruzivo uye modhi muzvinhu zvakawanda zvichiri zvinoenderana nemunhu anoita basa kana kuita sarudzo. Pachine zvakawanda zvekuvaka kubva kudivi remushandisi wekupedzisira, kuitira kuti basa ravo riburitse zvinoda usability mune dzakasiyana siyana dzeazvino Smart City concepts.
Iko kukanganiswa kwevanopa mhinduro kwakakosha, kana iri indasitiri yeAEC, software, hardware uye vanopa masevhisi vanofanirwa kutevera musika wemushandisi unotarisira zvakawanda kupfuura mepu dzakapendwa uye zvinoyevedza zvinopihwa. Hondo iripo pakati pehofori dzakaita seHexagon, Trimble ine mhando dzakafanana kubva kumisika dzavakawana mumakore achangopfuura; AutoDesk + Esri mukutsvaga kiyi yemashiripiti inobatanidza zvikamu zvayo zvakakura zvevashandisi, Bentley nehurongwa hwayo hwekuvhiringidza iyo inotosanganisira vatambi vakakosha vakaita saSiemens, Microsoft neTopcon sekambani yeruzhinji.
Panguva ino mitemo yemutambo yakasiyana; Hazvisi zvekutangisa mhinduro dzevaongorori, mainjiniya ehurumende kana vavaki. Vashandisi nhasi vanotarisira mhinduro dzakakwana, dzakanangana nemaitiro uye kwete pamafaira eruzivo; ine rusununguko rwakawanda rwekugadziridzwa kwakasarudzika, neanogona kushandiswazve mukati mekufamba, kudyidzana uye, pamusoro pezvose, mune imwecheteyo modhi inotsigira kubatanidzwa kwemapurojekiti akasiyana.
Isu pasina mubvunzo tiri kurarama nguva huru. Zvizvarwa zvitsva hazvizove nemukana wekuona kuzvarwa uye kuvharwa kwekutenderera mune ino spectrum yeIntegrated Geo Territorial. Iwe hauzoziva kuti zvainakidza sei kumhanya AutoCAD pane imwechete-basa 80-286, kushivirira kwekumirira kuti zvikamu zvechirongwa chekuvaka zvioneke, nekusuwa kwekusakwanisa kumhanya Lotus 123 kwatakachengeta mashizha emutengo wepasikirini.mavara matema uye eorange anopenya. Iwe hauzokwanisi kuziva adrenaline yekuona kwekutanga kuvhima kwemepu cadastral pane binary raster muMicrostation, ichimhanya paIntergraph VAX. Zvirokwazvo, aiwa, havazokwanisi.
Pasina kushamisika kukuru ivo vanozoona zvimwe zvakawanda zvimwe zvinhu. Kuedza imwe yekutanga prototypes yevaHololens muAmsterdam makore mashoma apfuura, zvakadzosa chikamu chemanzwiro iwayo kubva pandakatanga kusangana nemapuratifomu eCAD. Zvirokwazvo isu tinofuratira chiyero icho ino yechina indasitiri shanduko ichave iine, yeiri kusvika parizvino tinoona mazano, hunyanzvi kwatiri asi echinyakare zvisati zvave kureva kuchinjira kune nharaunda nyowani uko kugona kwekusadzidza kuchave kwakakosha zvakanyanya kupfuura madhigirii edzidzo nemakore kubva pane zvakaitika.
Chii chiri chokwadi ndechekuti chasvika pakutanga kupfuura isu chatinotarisira.
