Kuongororwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu eTerritorial Administration System muIbero-America (DISATI)

Parizvino, iyo Polytechnic University yeValencia iri kugadzira chirwere yemamiriro ezvinhu aripo muLatin America maererano neterritorial management system (SAT). Kubva pane izvi zvakanangwa kuona zvinodiwa uye kuronga kufambira mberi mune zvecartographic zvinhu zvinobvumira kusimbaradza matunhu ekutonga masisitimu muIbero-America. Zvese izvi, nekubatana kwemapoka epasi rose neIbero-America anomiririra ruzhinji rwematunhu ekutonga masisitimu munyika dzakasiyana nemasangano. Ruzivo rwunogona kupihwa nenhengo dzemapoka aya rwakakosha kuwana zvakamboitika, humbowo, uye zvinodikanwa zvazvino, izvo zvinobatsira pakuona mamiriro azvino ehurongwa. Uye kubva ipapo, tarisa uko zviito zvinofanirwa kutungamirwa kuti zvivandudze.

Ichi chirongwa chinoitwa ne Cartographic Coordination muTerritory Administration System (CCASAT), boka rakavakirwa paPolytechnic University yeValencia (UPV), Spain; muDhipatimendi reCartographic Engineering, Geodesy uye Photogrammetry (DICGF) uye muHigher Technical School yeGeodetic, Cartographic uye Topographic Engineering (ETSIGCT).

Iyo DISATI Diagnosis ipurojekiti yakabva muzvinangwa zveCCASAT, inova yekusimudzira rutsigiro, kubatana uye tsvagiridzo munzvimbo dzese dzine chekuita neruzivo rwecartographic inobvumira kutonga kwakanaka kwenharaunda (senge cadastral ruzivo, uye / kana registry ruzivo, kana zvakafanana), uye zvakanyanya muzvinhu zvinoshanda serutsigiro rwekuwana chengetedzo mukubata kwevhu nekukosheswa nekutonga. Kukurudzira kuparadzira, kuendesa ruzivo, kutsvagisa, kuronga, kubvunza uye optimization yezviwanikwa.

Kunyanya, kuongororwa kweDISATI kunoratidzika kwandiri sechinhu chakakosha uye chakakodzera nguva pamberi pemaitiro echizvino-zvino ari kugadzirwa muLatin America. Nezve izvi, CCASAT ichaburitsa chinyorwa.

Pfungwa yeTerritory Administration System (SAT) - Inyaya iripo uye kutsvaga kuiongorora padanho reLatin America kunogona kutungamirira kune mamwe matambudziko.

Mubvunzurudzo yakaitwa navanachiremba vaviri vekuYunivhesiti, takatanga tafungisisa nezvemamwe maenzanisi emamiriro ezvinhu aya ekuMadokero. Kunyangwe kuongororwa kweCCASAT kwakanangana neIbero-America, munzira takataurawo nezve "misiyano midiki" nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope, uko miono yemhando yekondinendi haina kugarwa nhaka, iyo nhasi inoratidza mhedzisiro dzakasiyana maererano nekubudirira kweSAT. nekutarisa kune mugari.

Ndizvo zvakaita nyika dzeNordic, uko maererano neKuita Bhizinesi kudzidza, a kunyoresa kuti muNorway Zvinotora mazuva matatu nemurevereri mumwe chete, muSpain Iyi nzira imwe chete inotora mazuva gumi nematatu, ichipfuura nevamiriri vatanhatu uye MuColombia Angave mazuva makumi matanhatu nemana aine 64 intermediations… kana iwe uine rombo rakanaka kekutanga.

Mubvunzurudzo yandakagovana navo pamusoro pekushaikwa kwemuenzaniso unogona kutsanangura chiyero chakafanana, cheni yekukosha uye mepu yemugwagwa inogona kuratidza zviratidzo zvinoyerwa zvine chinangwa. Ingotsanangura mwero wezvinoreva mazwi ari muchidimbu SAT (System – Kutonga – Territory) inomutsa mibvunzo yakawanda inogona kutaridzika zvakasiyana mune yega yega.

Ini ndinosiya pano mamwe mafungidziro, ayo asiri chikamu chebvunzurudzo yakaitirwa kuongororwa kweDISATI.

1. SAT yei?

Tsanangudzo ye "Iyo iyo sisitimu ndeyei" yakakosha pakuita maitiro echizvino-zvino, tisingataure kana uchienzanisa. Kana kutarisa kwako kuri pakuvandudza kuita sarudzo, isu tinogona kungofunga nezve izvo zvinodikanwa zvemukuru zvinogona kugadziriswa nekuve neruzivo nemirairo; Asi kana tikafunga kuti ndeye chikonzero chekuve chevashandi vehurumende, tinofanira kufunga nezvekuvandudza kushanda kwemaitiro, maitiro uye mabasa emugari. Zvakadai sekuderedzwa kwenguva, mari, kupindirana uye kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvekunyoresa.

Mufananidzo unotevera, wakatorwa kubva kuSwissTierras mharidzo nezvekukosha kwezvinoitirwa SAT. Kunyangwe kuri kurerutsa, kushandisa tekinoroji, kuvandudza data, kuvandudza mutemo, iwe unofanirwa kujeka kuti nei.

2. SYSTEM - Ko iyo SAT inosanganisira dzidziso yehurongwa hweiyo integrated management approach inoenderana neISO 9001?

Kana zvakadaro, ndeapi maitiro, ayo mapato anofarira, cadastre chete, inosanganisira kunyoreswa, inosanganisira kugara kana kugarisana kwenzvimbo, inosanganisira kuronga kwenzvimbo, inosanganisira manejimendi eruzivo rwekuvaka, inosanganisira manejimendi eruzivo rwezvivakwa?

Uye mibvunzo inodiwa, nekuti tsika isina kunaka yeLatin America yekuita kuti SAT iwedzere kuomarara inogona kupedzisira yave imwe bongozozo pane iyo yanga iripo. Muenzaniso wenyika dzekuchamhembe kweEurope unoratidza kuti haisi yekubatanidza zviuru zvevatambi, asi nezvekuita kuti basa iri rose rive nyore mumaitiro mashoma, mashoma masisitimu, data shoma.

Muenzaniso wakajeka muLatin America uko iyo cadastre inokosheswa munharaunda mutsara wekuti "ngatibvisei mucherechedzo kubva mucheni yekutengeserana." Chibvumirano cherugare chekuita cadastre chinogona kupera uye kutanga hondo itsva, ine ngozi zvikuru.

Munyika dzakawanda dzakasimukira dziri kuchamhembe kweEurope, kana data iri muhurongwa inosangana nezvinodiwa zvehutano, muchengeti wezvinyorwa hazvidikanwi ... uye mumamiriro ezvinhu ari nani, kana muchengeti, kana munyori wekunyora ane retinue yevakakodzera, amanuensis.

Kana maitiro ekushanda asina kubatanidzwa, iyo SAT inofanirwa kuonekwa senge komputa ecosystem inoshanda seLand Information System kana Territorial Information System. Asi kubva panguva yatinoshandisa "Management System", zvinodikanwa kuti titarise maitiro ekushanda anoshandura ruzivo rwekupinza, pamwe nematurusi, pamwe nematurusi, kuita zvinobuda zveruzivo zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi mukutenderera kwemhinduro.

Saka anonakidza maitiro akanaka emapurojekiti echizvino-zvino akadai seIntegrated Cadastre - Registry Management Model (MGICR) yeNicaragua, iyo yakashanda nesimba kugadzirisa maitiro uye maitiro kuitira kuti sisitimu ipindure kune aya ekuvandudza mamiriro. Uyu hausi munda wevanodhirowa makadhi kana topographer, asi kuti inzvimbo yeinjiniya yeindasitiri inoshandiswa kubasa reruzhinji, kubva iyo SAT inogona kununura zvakakosha zvezvinangwa zvekuenzanisa.

3. TERRITORY - Ko SAT inoenderana here nezviziviso zveCadastre zve2014/2034?

Chiratidzo ichi chinosimudza maitiro akabatanidzwa ekutonga, muzvinhu zvakadai sekuenderera mberi mune ruzivo rwemutemo wega, mutemo wehurumende uye, pamusoro pezvose, kuenzanisira kwezvinhu zvepamutemo zveSDI, izvo zvinobudisa Kodzero, Zvirambidzo uye Mitoro (RRR). Kutara kana iyo SAT inosanganisira izvi ichasanganisira kuenzanisa nyaya dzekudyidzana neruzivo rwakadai senjodzi, miganhu yakachengetedzwa yezvakatipoteredza, sarudzo dzemarongero enzvimbo mune maviri uye kunyange matatu mativi.

Kana iyo SAT isingabatanidzi zvimwe zvinhu zvenharaunda uye inongoyera cadastral uye yakanyoreswa zvivakwa, inokosheswa uye inowanikwa mune geoportal ... inoshanda. Asi ini handizive kana tichiidaidza kuti "Teritory Administration System".

Zvakare zvezvakanaka zvepasi rose maitiro, kubvumirana uye huzivi hwenhaka ye Cadastre 2014 / 2034 Ruzivo rwekumisa mamodheru anozvarwa, senge nyaya ye ISO-19152:2012 (LADM). Kana chikamu ichi chaifanira kutorwa sechinhu chekuyera, nhanho dzekuteedzera mwero kana kuenzana nawo kwaizofanirwa kutariswa, maererano nezviratidzo zvakaita sekushandurwa uye kupatsanurwa kwekodzero, zvirambidzo uye mabasa. Izvi zvichifunga nezve LADM I version inotarisa paCadastre - Registry, mune ramangwana zvingave zvakakosha kufunga nezveshanduro iyo FIG iri kukurukurwa: LADM II, III, IV yakatarisana nekuenzanisa zvimwe zvinhu zvechokwadi munzvimbo uye nguva, zvakadai. sekukosheswa, nharaunda yegungwa uye kuronga kwenzvimbo.

Mune girafu, imwe yeFIG mharidzo, umo SAT mabasa ane hukama neshanduro dzeramangwana dzeLADM standard. Mabasa acho anosanganisira kuparara kuita kukosha, kunyoresa, zvivakwa/masevhisi uye kuronga kwenzvimbo; iyo neimwe nzira ndiyo vhezheni ye "chokwadi" chemabasa mana, nepo zviito mukushandiswa kwezvinhu izvi zvinotungamira kune manejimendi emitero, kugarisa, kuronga kwekusimudzira uye manejimendi ezviwanikwa. Zvine musoro chaizvo, zvidimbu zve multipurpose cadastre izvo isu takakurudzira muGeofumadas 2007.

4. ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM - Chii chinotungamirirwa muSAT?

Muenzaniso wekuenzanisa unodiwa kuti uve wakarurama uye une chinangwa. Kubva muchidimbu chayo muChirungu "Land Administration Systems", tichingopa muenzaniso wezvinechekuita nezwi rekuti "LAND" - izvo zveAnglo-Saxons zvinogona kuve nyore -, chingave chinhu chakaomarara kuLatin America ine mitemo yakasiyana.

Kana tikazviisa kune tafura ye conceptualization gurus, kwataiva neArgentinian, Mexican uye Central America ... angave mazuva asingagumi pakati pemutemo, mifananidzo, bhodhi ... doro uye mbanje kungotsanangura. ivhu, nyika uye nharaunda.

Zvichakadaro, mugari wacho akamirira zita rake repfuma ... kuti risvike pamaoko emuzukuru wake ... zviri nani, muhupenyu huno.

Ini ndinonzwisisa kuti kune dzimwe nyaya iyo systemic chiyero chezvinotarisirwa zvingave zvisina kukosha. Asi kana zviri zvekufunga nezve systemic chiono chedunhu padanho renyika, chokwadi isu tinofanirwa kuve pachena kuti hatisi kureva kungoita cadastral inventory muchimiro che1980s. Kubva pane imwe yemharidzo dzangu dzichangoburwa, ini ndinonunura uyu muenzaniso weiyo systemic scope, umo kubva kune yakakura (magalaxi uye universes) kusvika kudiki (mamorekuru uye subatomic particles), kutsanangura chiyero chehurongwa hwakakosha kuyera izvo zvatiri kuda. kutarisira.

Kutsanangura chiyero cheSAT kwakakosha, kwete zvakanyanya nekuti inogona kunge iine zvinhu zvishoma… asi nekuti iyo yakaoma gurus inogona kuti isu tibatanidze kuyerwa kwenzvimbo - nguva muzvikamu zvesimba uye nyaya. XD

5. TERRITORY ADMINISTRATION - Inoenderana here nemhando dziripo dzebudiriro inoenderera mberi?

Imwe yemhando dziripo ndeye "LAS yebudiriro" naWillamson & Wallace, iyo yakatove yakaparadzirwa kakawanda munzvimbo dzakadai seFIG uye kunyange ESRI inosimudzira segwaro rinotungamira mune yayo Esri Press portfolio. Iyi modhi inopa chiono cheruzivo rwekupinza uye zvakabuda musarudzo, uye kunyangwe ichipa fungidziro yekuve "yeruzivo sisitimu", inosanganisira yakawanda "yekusimudzira budiriro", ine mabasa mana ayo anopfuura tembiricha uye Iyo ongororo inosanganisira kushandiswa nekusimudzira. .

Iyo modhi inowira pfupi mukugona kwegraphical yekuti marongero uye maturusi anopinda sei. Zvisinei, muenzaniso wakanaka wekuonekwa kwehurongwa. Kana SAT yaifanira kuyerwa nemuenzaniso wakadai, zvaifanira kujeka kuti mabasa aya anoenda kurepi; pamwe nekusangoyera chete kana zvidimbu zvese zvemuchina zviripo asiwo kana vaine mhando yemhando yakabatana kuona kuti vari kuzadzisa chinangwa chavo nenzira yakakwana.

Mune girafu yeimwe yezviratidziro zveFIG, pane iyo SAT modhi yebudiriro inoenderera. Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza nezve modhi iyi ndechekuti nekuiputsira pasi, tinogona kuve, kuruboshwe, chokwadi chenzvimbo, pakati, kutevera museve, iwo mapatya edhijitari ekutonga kweruzivo uye kurudyi mapatya edhijitari. oparesheni. Zviri pachena kuti dambudziko riri mune izvi kubatanidzwa kwechimiro, nekuti ivo havasi vega kana vakazvimirira maitiro.

Uyu muenzaniso wakanaka wekudiwa kwemuenzaniso uye muganho pakati penyika nenzvimbo zvine chekuita neSAT ine nzira yekusimudzira, kana tikaienzanisa neSAT. kubva pakuona kweFAO, iyo chaizvoizvo inoti:

Land Administration System (SAT).  Ndiyo hurongwa hweHurumende, hwakavakirwa pahurongwa hwemutemo, hunotungamira, kuburikidza nemasangano ayo akasiyana, manejimendi eruzivo uye mitemo yekodzero dzemidziyo. Izvi zvinogadza hurongwa hwekutonga uye hwekutonga hwekutamisa, hunhu hwenzvimbo, kushandiswa, kuyerwa kwenyika uye mitoro yemutero, iyo ichapa chengetedzo uye chokwadi chepamutemo munyaya dzepfuma.

Iwe unogona kuona kuti chiyero ichi chinenge chiri pamusoro pekugara uye kukosha kwemabasa. Hazvibatanidzi kushandiswa kana kuvandudza.

Sechiitwa pachinyorwa ichi, kana tikakwanisa kuenzanisa mamwe maSAT muLatin America anga ari mukuita zvechizvino-zvino, padanho rekutanga resimba uye kushaya simba zvine chekuita nemabasa eSAT modhi yekuvandudza kweWilliamsom, tingadai takaita. kuenzanisa kunotevera nekukasira.

SAT Colombia.

Simba:

• FUNCTIONS TENURE, VALUE, USE AND DEVELOPMENT: Iine yakazara-refu-refu modhi mukati meiyo SAT Territory Administration System. Iyo conceptualization yeColombia's SAT inonyanya kuenderana nemuenzaniso waWilliam.
• FUNCTIONS TENURE, VALUE, USE AND DEVELOPMENT: Inosanganisira chiratidzo chekubatanidzwa kweCadastre, Registry, Regularization uye territorial zvinhu zvekuronga kwenzvimbo zvinokonzera RRR, zvose zviri muSAT mitemo uye IDE uye National Statistical System.
• FUCTIONS TENURE, VALUE, SUS AND DEVELOPMENT: Iine mutemo wakapamhama wemutemo unotsanangura mabasa ari mukati meSAT chimiro chevatambi vemasangano, vekanzuru neakazvimirira.
• ZVINHU TENURE, KUKOSHA, KUSHANDISA UYE KUDZIDZWA: Methodological and regulatory adoption ye ISO 1915212 standard yeCadastre, Registry nezvimwe zvinhu zvedunhu zvinoumba RRR.
• TENURE BASA: Hutongi hwakasimba hweRegistries uye Notaries kuburikidza nemukuru wepamusoro.
• TENURE NEKUKOSHA BASA: Hutongi hwakasimba hweiyo cadastral chiremera (IGAC) uye vakapihwa vatambi vakaita seCadastral Mamaneja uye Cadastral Operators.
• ZVINHU ZVAKAITIKA, KUKOSHA, KUSHANDISA UYE KUDZIDZWA: Kufambira mberi kwechimanjemanje kweColombia ICDE Spatial Data Infrastructure.

Kuneta:

• ZVINHU ZVAKAITIKA, KUKOSHA, KUSHANDISA UYE KUDZIDZWA: Kunyange zvazvo kune kuenderera kwakajeka mumutemo we multipurpose cadastre, iyo yakakwirira yeruzivo rwekare rwe cadastral uye cartography yezvinhu zvenharaunda izvo zvinoumba RRR zvakakosha.
• ZVINHU TENURE, KUKOSHA, KUSHANDISA UYE KUDZIDZWA: Yakaderera mwero wekurerutsa maitiro uye maitiro ane chekuita necadastral updating, regularization, registry kunyoresa, kugadzirisa kwecartographic ruzivo runoumba RRR.
• ZVINHU TENURE, KUKOSHA, KUSHANDISA UYE KUDZIDZWA: Kuoma kwekutonga kwemaitiro uye masisitimu anogadzirisa cadastral, registry uye territorial chinhu ruzivo runoumba RRR.
• TENURE FUNCTION uye VALUE. Kujeka kushoma kwechiito chekutora chikamu chemaneja uye cadastral mamaneja mukugadziriswa kwechigarire cadastral muzvinhu zvakaita sekusarongeka.

SAT Honduras.

Simba:

• ZVINHU TENURE, KUKOSHA, KUSHANDISA UYE KUDZIDZWA: Iine yakazara-yenguva refu modhi neNational Property Administration System. SINAP, iyo inosanganisira subsystems yakadai seUnified Registry System (SURE), National Territorial Information System (SINIT), Registry yeTerritorial Planning Regulations (RENOT), uye National Spatial Data Infrastructure (INDES).
• TENURE BASA: Roadmap yekurerutsa nekubatanidza Property Registries muSURE, semuenzaniso: Cadastral Registry, Real Estate, Vehicle Property, Commercial Property, Intellectual Property.
• TENURE FUNCTION: Hutongi hwakasimba hwevatambi vakuru vekutonga nyika vakabatana neSURE, mune imwechete institution: Property Institute, iyo inosanganisira Cadastre, Registry, Geography uye Property Regularization.
• TENURE BASA: Yakasimba yekutora chikamu modhi muSURE Unified Registry System, ine vatambi vakaita seNational Cadastre, Real Estate Registry, Chamber of Commerce, Municipality, Banking Sector.
• TENURE FUNCTION: Adoption in practice ye ISO 19152 (LADM) paSURE system level ye cadastral ruzivo.
• TENURE FUNCTION: Decentralization yekanzuru cadastral manejimendi pasi pemitemo yenyika cadastre uye nhumwa yekutora chikamu mukuvandudza senzvimbo yakabatana.
• ZVINOKOSHA BASA: Decentralization kune makanzuru ekuyeresa uye kuunganidzwa kubva kune cadastre.

Kuneta:
● MABASA KUSHANDISA NEKUDZIDZWA: Pakati peSAT masisitimu makuru, chete SURE ine chiyero chekukura (makore makumi maviri). SINIT, RENOT uye INDES vane yakaderera mwero wekuita uye hutongi.
● MABASA KUSHANDISA NEKUDZIDZWA: Kushaikwa kwechizvino-zvino chenzvimbo yedata data uye kusabatanidzwa kubva kuNational Statistical System.
● FUNCTIONS OWNERSHIP, KUKOSHA, KUSHANDISA NEKUDZIDZWA: Kuderera kwemazinga ekugamuchirwa kwezviyero uye maitiro akanaka eIGIF methodology yeruzivo rwe cartography.
● TENURE FUNCTION: Incipient level yekubatanidzwa kwevatambi vekunze kune cadastral uye registry management, zvakadai sepamusoro-soro / nyanzvi dzekuongorora, pamwe chete nevanyori.
● ZVINOKOSHA BASA: Kushaikwa kwekubatanidzwa kwemashoko ane chokuita nekutengesa kweimba, iyo inongova chikamu chehutungamiri hwemanisipala, asi haina kubatanidzwa nekucherechedza kana hurongwa hwenyika.

SAT Nicaragua.

Simba:

• TENURE NEKUSHANDISA MABASA: Iine chikamu chakazara chenguva refu modhi mukati megadziriro yeComprehensive Cadastre uye Registry Management Model, iyo inosanganisira subsystems senge Integrated Cadastral uye Registry Information System (SIICAR), Spatial Data Infrastructure yeNational Institute of Territorial Zvidzidzo (IDE-INETER) ine yekutanga asi yakasimba matanho muIGIF maitiro.
• TENURE FUNCTION: Roadmap yekurerutsa uye kubatanidza Property Registries muSIICAR, semuenzaniso: Cadastral Registry, Real Estate, Movable Guarantees, Commercial Property.
• TENURE FUNCTION: Yakakwira dhigirii yekubatanidzwa kwehutongi hwematanho makuru ekutonga kwevhu nevatambi vanobatana neSIICAR, iyo inosanganisira Cadastre, Registry, Geography uye Property Regularization.
• TENURE FUNCTION: Yakasimba uye nekukura kwekuita kwevatori vechikamu veSIICAR System, nevatambi vakaita seNational Cadastre, Real Estate Registry, Hofisi yeGweta Guru, Nyanzvi dzekuongorora, Notarial Professionals.
• TENURE FUNCTION: Adoption in practice ye ISO 19152 (LADM) muSIICAR system ye cadastral ruzivo.
• TENURE UYE KUSHANDISA BASA: Mukuita uye kugamuchirwa kwemazinga neSpatial Data Infrastructure.

Kuneta:

• KUKOSHA NEKUDZIDZISA MABASA: Pakati peSAT masisitimu makuru, SIICAR chete uye iyo cadastral IDE ine mwero dhigirii rekukura (kupfuura 10 makore) muTENURE uye USE mabasa, isina akakwana ekubatanidza mamiriro. Pane shoma shoma yekubatanidza pakati pemamwe masisitimu ane hukama neSAT.
• MASHANDISO KUSHANDISA NEKUDZIDZWA: Yakaganhurirwa dhigirii rekuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo yedata data uye kudhirowa uye ichiri incipient yekubatanidza nzira kune mamwe masisitimu.
• TENURE BASA: Kujeka kushoma kwekutora chikamu kwemanisiparati mukugadziridzwa kwecadastral, muzvinhu zvakaita sekuvandudzwa kweiyo isiri-yakarongeka.
• ZVINOKOSHA BASA: Yakaoma yekubatanidza nzira mune yakapetwa ruzivo pakati peNational Physical Cadastre, Fiscal Cadastre uye Municipal Cadastre.

Uyu muenzaniso wekuenzanisa kwehutano pahutano hwekushanda, iyo inogona kuderedzwa kuva maitiro ehuwandu uye zviratidzo.

3 Mhedziso.

1. Dambudziko guru reSAT System nderekuti inozvibata seSystem. FIG Orlando 2023.

    

2. A Territory Administration System (SAT) modhi inodiwa kuti ishande senzira yekuenzanisa, yakapihwa ese maitirwo echizvino-zvino anosimudzirwa nevazhinji vanoshandira pamwe chete asi zvisingaite zvakaenderana. Sezvineiwo, nechikonzero chimwe chete: kuvandudza dhijitari mapatya eruzivo uye kushanda kwenzvimbo, iyo vagari vanoda masevhisi anoshanda uye nyanzvi / vakuru vakuru vanogona kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo.

    

3. Muchidimbu, zvichave zvakakosha kuona mhedzisiro yeDISATI yekuongorora uye nzira yayo yemaitiro maererano nekuenzanisa muenzaniso weSAT muLatin America.