The Twilight Zone

Iyi inyaya inonakidza yaRegis Wellausen yakabudiswa muna Musha, iyo inotiyeuchidza nezvekusagadzikana kwemashoko aya eCastastro2014 akataurwa neFIG makore makumi maviri adarika, kunyanya maererano nekufananidzirwa sekushandurwa kwemavara edzimba.

Chirongwa chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechirongwa chekare

Izwi rekuyera - hukama pakati pechiyero muchirongwa uye hukuru hwayo hwechokwadi pasi - Icho chikamu cheDNA yemunhu kubva pakufamba kukuru kwakakonzera kudzikisira kwemamepu kubva ku1.500, XNUMX Kubva pane zvakasikwa "graphic error", Inyanzvi yemitambo yekugadzirwa kwayo inotsanangura, pamusana pechiyero chimwe nechimwe, kukanganisa kwemaitiro atinofanira kutarisa pakati pemiti uye pasi, mukugadzirisa kwezuva nezuva panguva yekushandiswa kwemashoko iwayo.
MuBrazil, kuti Register Akarurama Cartográfica (PEC), iyo zvino nyore kunopera popularization kuti Mutemo 89.817 / 1984 zvakananga analoginen aerophotogrammetry anodzika mhando matatu yepamusoro, a isingadhuri, rinonzi Kirasi C (rinova nguva dzose inowanikwa), kusara kwekanganiso ndeye 1,0 millimeters yechiyero. Saizvozvowo, apo "chakayerwa" miti, DNA yedu inoramba kuti ndangariro kukanganisa uye intuitively Organic Vector processor vakaisa Masvomhu zvose mumucheto kukanganisa mumunda. Somuenzaniso, kana tiri akayera pamwe pakafunuka chidimbu chiyamuro zviuru metres nomuti 1: 10.000, tinofanira kuziva kuti munda pakati 990 uye 1.010 aizowana mamita.

Chiyero mu1864: tsanangudzo yezvirimwa zvemugadziro wemuiti muMambo weBrazil.

The Digital Scale muDain Digital World

Ichokwadi chikuru ndechekuti hatisi kuzoita mapurojekiti aya pa static mapepa mapepa uye hatina hanya nehuwandu hwayo hwezvinyorwa zvekupedzisira zvakadhindwa, saka hapana mumwe munhu achayera nezviyero pavari. Chinhu chakakosha chete mararamiro avanofananidza uye / kana zvinyorwa ndezve pfungwa dzedu uye pfungwa. Kugadziriswa kwemashoko epakati uye magumo ekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinenge zvave kutoitika uye hazvizove zvisingakanganwiki digital. Munyaya iyi, zvose zvese- izvo zvinoreva georeferenced kuCartesian coordinate system - nguva dzose kuongororwa, iyo inotitendera kuti tive nekusununguka kusiyanisa chikamu chayo nekutsvaira uye sarudza mathematical absolutism yechinhu chipi nechipi nenhamba yemagnetism yemurairo osnap kana zvakaenzana - chimwe chinhu chisingafungidziriki kweZ500 makore! Nokudaro, hakuchinazve kukanganisa kwekuona kwedu kwakanyatsojeka kana kugadzikana kwekugadzirisa, zvinyorwa zvekufananidzira kwepfungwa, kana kana tichiverenga kana patinenge tichigadzira. Chenguva yekukanganisa kukanganisa pamusoro payo ndiyo nzira inowanzogadzirwa yekugadzirwa kwemashoko epasiro anoshandiswa, kana iine vectorial (CAD, GIS) kana matrix (Zvifananidzo), asi izvi hazvina kufanana ne "graphic error".

Positional Resolution

Izwi positional chisarudzo chinopiwa nezvimwe "zvisarudzo" vakazvipira Satellite mifananidzo, dzakadai geometric, radiometric, epanyama, nezvimwewo, iyo hwaiitika mukutanga 90 kwatiri setifaya pamusoro cartographic Kururama nemauto nematongerwo digital digitale - chigadzirwa chinotangira mahedheni makuru ekugadzirisa.
Icho chimiro chechimiro chinotsanangurwa, pano, sechinyorwa che georeferencing yemufananidzo, ndiko kuti, kusiyana kwechigaro (masangano) chero ipi zvayo yemadhini maererano nechinzvimbo chaicho chechokwadi munharaunda kana, kunyanya kutaura zvakanyanya, pane kaputeni kusiyana anotsigira pfungwa akashandiswa mufananidzo kana mamiriro enzvimbo. Nzvimbo yekugadzirisa inoshandiswa nehumwechete nyore kuti uwane vector ruzivo. In digital kuongorora, somuenzaniso, positional kupedza yokupedzisira chigadzirwa achava mureza kutsauka pane kusiyana Coordonatele ose okunze, kuverenga (CAD, somuenzaniso) Software uye zvadaro akayera mumunda (pamwe GPS Somuenzaniso ). Kana uchifarira kuti mugadziri uye kududzirwa kuti hapana chinhu chinonyanya kuuya Metro 1 nzira ramangwana, kana riri, kuti ndiye positional chisarudzo anofanira zvakanyatsonanga kutora ongororo. Izvi zvaizoitawo, vachava kusarudza nzira kuurayiwa maererano kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa, ndipo uchakurati- nguva dzose kana zvachose kukonzera unhu hwacho.
Sezvo zvinogona kugadziriswa, kusarudzwa kwechimiro kunogona kushandiswa senzira yakavimbika yepamusoro yehupamhi hwepamusoro yehutano hwepakati munzvimbo yepadhijidhi, iyo inokosha pakuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pemiganhu kana kukwanisa kwekushanda kwayo. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuva chimiro chekare chinogadzirwa, nzira yekugadzirisa inenge iri mukati mechigadzirwa uye zvichienderana nehutano hwehutano hwomutevedzeri wayo.
Izvi zvinoita zvinogoneka yokunyoresa ane Musumo Technical Mabasa (ART) uye yakasimbiswa zviri kuchinja uye kushandisa kumapati rechitatu. Chero nguva, asi vakabatwa positional chisarudzo anogona achasimbiswa mumunda nokuyera muenzaniso nechinzvimbo rinotsanangurwa zvitarisiko kana zvinhu. Pakazosvika nguva isu watova sensors siyana, kugadzira vezvokutengeserana mukuru-chisarudzo mifananidzo uye yakaderera cost, zvokusarudza vose orthorectified ne Shuttle Radar kwakaita nzvimbo yacho Mission (SRTM) kana Advanced Spaceborne Thermal achine uye Reflection Radiometer / Global Digital Elevation Model (Aster / Gdem ) georreferenciarlas yakakwana zvakakwana kuchinja muvira yakavimbika cartographic Databases unyanzvi, unogona kutsiva kana kutsivira dzinodhura uye anonoke trabajaos munda, zvinokosha mabasa uye ouinjiniya zvirongwa.

Applications

Muenzaniso wekukosha kwayo uye kushandiswa kunogona kuonekwa mumufananidzo. It kunoratidzwa, nyaya georeferencing kuna vokumaruwa pfuma (10.267 / 01 mutemo), kusiyana nezviyero vertex anoona "P", yaunganidzwa nokutsanya kunofambira mberi nzira (GPS L1 / L2), akasara, uye zvakananga kuyananisira pamufananidzo wakareba wechisarudzo, zvakarurama. The kwomwedzi mufananidzo WolrdView2 pamusoro 2010, akanga georeferenced pamwe zvichibva positional chisarudzo 1,5 metres, kana chero nhamba dzake varege vanosiyana kupfuura mita nehafu chaiko nzvimbo, inova Pari akabvuma muganhu nokuti Incra mukudzoka kwemashoko. Sezvakataurwa, zvese zvinopesana zvishoma kudarika zvakananga. Kwadzakabva pakati positional chisarudzo 1,5 2,5 uye metres ukuwo, anobvumira kupararira dzakachengeteka kushanda kure Switch kuderedza mari uye nguva kuziva Coordonatele pakati vertices kwete monumentados uye zvakasikwa pokugumira zvinoonekwa kubva kumusoro. Professional georeferencing dzakasiyana mifananidzo pamwe chete positional chisarudzo statistically batanidza kuverengwa mukati chete muganhu uye, naizvozvo, mumwe nyanzvi wechipiri unogona kutarisa Coordonatele wokutanga nyore. Muridzi wacho anobata, anobhadhara mutengo wakaderera, unyanzvi hunobudirira, uyo ane mari shoma pamwe chete nechimwe chete; uye nyika inobata, iyo inoderedza nguva uye kukura uye chiziviso chemamiriyoni edzimba.

Georeferencing pamusoro vokumaruwa zvivako: vertex "P" pamwe pamukova, akayera pamwe GPS L1 / L2 (yakananga) uye zvakananga chifananidzo nemaonero 2 (zvakananga). Mufananidzo wacho wakagadzirisa mashizha e-0,5 mamita (chengetedza nzombe pachena) uye waiva georeferenced kuti asvike pakugadziriswa kwemasimita emamiriyoni 1,5.

Kusiyana kwemaonero (mamita)
BVC P 0658 - P3 = 0,91
BVP P 0657 - P2 = 0,43
BVC P 0656 - P1 = 0,55

Somunhu rokunyika scale, hakunzvengeki kuti wafa kuva nyeredzi yokuzvininipisa nokurondedzerwa pakati digitaalinen cartographic chigadzirwa uye ava zvichibvira coayudante. Zvakafanana Google Earth, apo ichiwanika pazasi, rakananga, kana iwe "ndiwedzere", mumwe nei zvichikosha?, Tinoda kuziva chokwadi, nguva dzose iwe kudhirowa chimiro, isu vanoyera chidimbu kana kuwana batanidza, uye chii chinogadziriswa pamifananidzo yako, kuziva zvatingaita nemashoko akabudiswa. Panguva ino, pfungwa yako nekutaura kwako zvicharamba zviri mumakona emafungiro edu nemagwaro. Rinokudzwa mutero chinokosha mwe zvokushandisa 500 kwemakore, pakati dhigirii zhinji vakauya madzitateguru edu uye kutibatsira kuvaka nyika iri nani zvino zvatiinazvo.